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Literature is often seen as a reflection of the society in which it was born. It not only reflects the beliefs, values, and customs of a particular time and place, but also the forms and practices of that society. Form refers to the different genres, styles, and structures to which literature can apply. Various forms have evolved over time, influenced by cultural, social and historical factors. For example, ancient epics, such as “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey” by Homer, reflect the tradition of oral storytelling prevalent in ancient Greece. It follows a specific poetic structure and uses conventions such as…

Culture as a site of diverse meanings and values identity and class interest. Explain.interests Ans: Culture can be understood as a place containing many diverse meanings and values, forming the identity and class interests of each individual. It includes beliefs, customs, practices and artifacts  shared by a particular group or society. Meanings and values ​​within a culture can vary widely, reflecting the diversity of views and experiences within a society. Different groups within a culture may interpret and attribute different meanings to the same cultural practice or symbol. For example, a religious ceremony can mean different things to different individuals…

Cultural perspective in literature refers to how a particular culture or society affects the interpretation and understanding of a literary work. It involves analyzing how beliefs, values, traditions and social norms shape the themes, characters, and plots of a literary work. When studying literature from a cultural perspective, readers will consider how the author’s cultural background and experiences are reflected in their writing. This helps to understand the historical, social and cultural context in which the work is created and how it can influence the author’s views and choices. Some features of cultural perspectives in literature include: 1. Representation: Literature…

Character perspective in literature refers to the point of view from which a story is told. It is how the narrator or character perceives and interprets events, other characters, and the world around them. It can be first person (told from the point of view of a character in the story), limited third person (told from a narrator’s point of view beyond the limits of the character’s thoughts and feelings). or omniscience in the third person.  Character perspective in literature refers to the point of view from which a story is told. It involves understanding the thoughts, feelings, and opinions…

Ecological reading in literature refers to the practice of analyzing and interpreting literary texts through an ecological or environmental lens. It examines how the document describes and addresses ecological issues, such as the relationship between people and nature, environmental degradation, climate change, and sustainability. Ecological reading in literature often explores themes of nature, landscapes, wilderness, and the impact of human activity on the environment. It may also involve examining the use of language, images and symbols to communicate ecological ideas and messages. 1.  Environmental awareness: Ecological reading in literature often requires a deep understanding and appreciation of the natural world.…

The reader’s point of view (reader’s perspective) in literature refers to the individual reader’s interpretation and understanding of a text. It concerns the reader’s personal experiences, beliefs, cultural and emotional backgrounds, which shape their understanding and response to the literary work. A reader’s perspective can greatly influence the meaning they derive from a text and how they interact with it.The reader’s feedback approach to literature emphasizes the reader’s role in interpreting and understanding a text. This shows that the meaning of a literary work is not fixed or predetermined by the author but is created by the interaction between the…

What is Post Modernism? Class 12 Optional English Postmodernism is a movement that emerged in the mid-20th century in response to modern literature. It is characterized by a self-aware and self-referential style, skepticism about big stories, and playfulness with language, structure, and narrative conventions. Postmodern literature often challenges traditional conceptions of authorship, blurs the lines between fiction and reality, and combines various literary techniques such as intertextuality, fragmentation, model simulation and super-fiction. It aims to break established norms and question the nature of truth, meaning, and manifestation. Postmodernism in literature is characterized by several salient features: 1. Fragmentation: Postmodern literature…

Literary marginalization  or Perspectives of the margin refers to the discovery and expression of voices, experiences and cultures that are marginalized or underrepresented in literary works. It involves diverting attention away from mainstream stories and focusing on the views of those on the margins of society. It attempts to give voice to individuals or communities that are often excluded or overlooked in mainstream discourse. Some features of the marginal perspective in the literature include: 1. Focus on socially marginalized experiences: Marginal literature often focuses on the lives, struggles and triumphs of individuals or communities who were once marginalized by factors…

What is New Criticism in Literature? Class 12 Optional English Answer: New Criticism, also known as formalism, is a literary theory and approach to literary interpretation that emerged in the early 20th century. It focuses on reading the text carefully, ignoring intent. author, historical background, and reader response. New critics believe that the meaning of a literary work lies in the text and can be analyzed through careful consideration of its formal elements such as structure, language, imagery, and expression. statue. Here are some key features of New Criticism: 1. Close reading:  New critics emphasize careful examination of the text,…

What is Structuralism? : Class 12 Optional English Structuralism in literature is a literary theory and a method of text analysis that emerged in the mid-20th century. It focuses on the basic structure and organization of a literary work rather than content or its individual elements. Structuralists believe that meaning arises from relationships between different parts of a text and study the patterns, systems, and structures that form a literary work. Here are some key concepts related to structuralism in literature: Binary Opposition: Structuralists identify binary opposites, such as good and evil, man and evil. women, nature and culture, etc.,…

Describe Russian Formalism: Class 12 Optional English Russian Formalism is a school of literary criticism and theory that emerged in Russia in the early 20th century. It focuses on the formal aspects of literature, such as structure, language, and instruments rather than historical content or context. Russian formalists believe that the artistic quality of a literary work is independent of its political and social implications. Key figures associated with Russian formalism include Viktor Shklovsky, Roman Jakobson and Boris Eikhenbaum. They have developed various concepts and methods for literary analysis, such as literary decoding, plot analysis, and the study of tools…

Textual Reading: Chapter Six: Class 12 Opt. English What is Text in literature? What do you mean by formalistic perspective? Text in literature refers to any written work, including novels, short stories, poetry, plays, and essays. It is the written form of a literary work that conveys meaning and can be analyzed and interpreted by the reader. Literary texts often explore different themes, characters, settings, and narrative structures to engage the reader and convey a message or idea. Literary texts can be studied in terms of literary devices, writing styles, and deeper meanings, allowing readers to analyze and appreciate the…

Class Perspective: Class 12 Optional English What is Class? Describe the relationship between Marxism and arts and literature? Answer: In literature, a class refers to a group of individuals who share social, economic and cultural characteristics. It is used to explain topics about social inequality and power dynamics. It also shows the impact of social class on individuals and society. Class can be expressed in literature through depicting characters from different social classes and examining social life. Struggles and conflicts come from class differences. It can also be used to criticise or challenge existing social structures and norms. Class can…

What is the concept of co-existence in gender studies? Differentiate gender equality from gender equity?: Class 12 Optional English https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aH6isQ2mdMc&t=5s Ans: In gender studies, coexistence refers to the recognition and acceptance of diverse gender identities and expressions. It emphasizes the idea that all genders should be recognized and respected, and that no gender should be given more priority over the others. Coexistence promotes a society where individuals can freely express their gender identity without fear of discrimination or marginalization. Difference between Gender equality and Gender equity Gender equality refers to the idea that all genders should have equal rights, opportunities…

Gender Perspective or Gender Studies:  Class 12 Optional English Unit 6 Introduction to Critical Perspectives to the Study of Literature Gender Perspective/Gender Studies a. What is Gender Perspective/Gender Studies? What are the traditional gender roles prescribed for men and women? Ans: Gender perspective, also known as gender studies, is an academic field that explores the social, cultural, and political dimensions of gender. It examines how gender identities and roles are constructed, maintained, and challenged in different societies and historical contexts. Gender studies analyze the dynamics of power, inequality and discrimination often related to gender.  Gender perspective in literature refers to…