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What is language change ? Write the causes behind the language change. Ans: Language change refers to the process by which language develops and undergoes changes over time. This can happen at different levels, including phonetic (sound), phonological (sound pattern), morphological (word formation), syntactic (sentence structure), semantic ( meaning) and vocabulary (vocabulary). Language change can be influenced by a variety of factors such as social, cultural and historical development, as well as exposure to other languages. This can lead to the creation of new words, changes in pronunciation or grammar, and the loss or alteration of existing linguistic features. Language…

Describe languages of Nepal. (Short Answer) Ans: Nepal is a linguistically diverse country with more than 123 languages spoken by different ethnic groups. The official language of Nepal is Nepali. It is spoken by the majority of the population. However, there are many other languages spoken in various regions of the country. Some of the major languages spoken in Nepal, apart from Nepali, include: Maithili: Spoken in the eastern Terai region. Bhojpuri: Spoken in the southern Terai region Tharu: Spoken in the Terai region. Tamang: Spoken in the hilly regions. Newari: Spoken in the Kathmandu Valley. These are just a…

The Sino-Tibetan language family is one of the largest  in the world, comprising more than 400 languages ​​spoken mainly in East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Here are some key features of the Sino-Tibetan language family: 1. Tonal language: Most Sino-Tibetan languages ​​are tonal, which means that the pitch or tone of a word can change its meaning. Mandarin  is a well-known example of a tonal language in this group. 2. Verb-subject-object word order (VSO): Many Sino-Tibetan languages ​​follow a verb–subject–object word order, where the verb usually comes before the subject and object of the sentence. 3. Complex…

The Afro-Asiatic language family is one of the largest  in the world, comprising about 300 languages ​​spoken mainly in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahel. Here are some key features of Afro-Asian languages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hHuAq30kcc&t=43s 1. Rating: The Afro-Asiatic languages ​​are divided into six main branches: Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic.   2. Geographical distribution: Afro-Asian languages ​​are spoken over a wide area, from the Atlantic coast of North Africa to the Red Sea and  Arabian Peninsula, and from the Sahara  to the highlands of Ethiopia. 3. Jewish influence: Semitic languages, such as Arabic,…

Describe Indo-European language family and its characteristics. Ans: The Indo-European language family is one of the largest language family in the world. It has hundreds of languages ​​and dialects. It covers major languages ​​like English, Spanish, Hindi, Russian, Persian and many more. The languages ​​of this family are spoken by about 3 billion people, covering a large geographical area from Europe to South Asia. The Indo-European language family is thought to have descended from a common ancestral language known as Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It is estimated that the language was spoken around 4500-2500 BCE, although its exact time and place of…

What is a Language Family? Ans: A language family is a group of languages ​​related by a common ancestor. These languages ​​have some similarities in  vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, indicating their common origin. Language families can be  divided into individual subfamilies, clades, and  languages. Some well-known language families include Indo-European, Afro-Asian, Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian. The Indo-European language family is one of the largest  in the world, comprising hundreds of languages ​​and dialects. It covers major languages ​​like English, Spanish, Hindi, Russian, Persian and many more. The languages ​​of this family are spoken by about 3 billion people, covering a large…

The Mirror of Matsuyama: Bed First English Summary, Theme and Important Questions Summary of the Story The Mirror of Matsuyama by F Hadland Davis Characters: Matsuyama (Father), a business man Mother Daughter  Woman (Step-mother) Setting: Remote part of Japan Once upon a time, there was a man with his wife and a daughter who lived in a remote part of Japan. Before leaving home for a business trip to faraway Kyoto, the man  told his daughter that he would bring her  a present. At home, he gave his daughter a beautiful  doll, a  box of cakes  and a metal mirror for…

Literature is often seen as a reflection of the society in which it was born. It not only reflects the beliefs, values, and customs of a particular time and place, but also the forms and practices of that society. Form refers to the different genres, styles, and structures to which literature can apply. Various forms have evolved over time, influenced by cultural, social and historical factors. For example, ancient epics, such as “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey” by Homer, reflect the tradition of oral storytelling prevalent in ancient Greece. It follows a specific poetic structure and uses conventions such as…

Culture as a site of diverse meanings and values identity and class interest. Explain.interests Ans: Culture can be understood as a place containing many diverse meanings and values, forming the identity and class interests of each individual. It includes beliefs, customs, practices and artifacts  shared by a particular group or society. Meanings and values ​​within a culture can vary widely, reflecting the diversity of views and experiences within a society. Different groups within a culture may interpret and attribute different meanings to the same cultural practice or symbol. For example, a religious ceremony can mean different things to different individuals…

Cultural perspective in literature refers to how a particular culture or society affects the interpretation and understanding of a literary work. It involves analyzing how beliefs, values, traditions and social norms shape the themes, characters, and plots of a literary work. When studying literature from a cultural perspective, readers will consider how the author’s cultural background and experiences are reflected in their writing. This helps to understand the historical, social and cultural context in which the work is created and how it can influence the author’s views and choices. Some features of cultural perspectives in literature include: 1. Representation: Literature…

Character perspective in literature refers to the point of view from which a story is told. It is how the narrator or character perceives and interprets events, other characters, and the world around them. It can be first person (told from the point of view of a character in the story), limited third person (told from a narrator’s point of view beyond the limits of the character’s thoughts and feelings). or omniscience in the third person.  Character perspective in literature refers to the point of view from which a story is told. It involves understanding the thoughts, feelings, and opinions…

Ecological reading in literature refers to the practice of analyzing and interpreting literary texts through an ecological or environmental lens. It examines how the document describes and addresses ecological issues, such as the relationship between people and nature, environmental degradation, climate change, and sustainability. Ecological reading in literature often explores themes of nature, landscapes, wilderness, and the impact of human activity on the environment. It may also involve examining the use of language, images and symbols to communicate ecological ideas and messages. 1.  Environmental awareness: Ecological reading in literature often requires a deep understanding and appreciation of the natural world.…

The reader’s point of view (reader’s perspective) in literature refers to the individual reader’s interpretation and understanding of a text. It concerns the reader’s personal experiences, beliefs, cultural and emotional backgrounds, which shape their understanding and response to the literary work. A reader’s perspective can greatly influence the meaning they derive from a text and how they interact with it.The reader’s feedback approach to literature emphasizes the reader’s role in interpreting and understanding a text. This shows that the meaning of a literary work is not fixed or predetermined by the author but is created by the interaction between the…

What is Post Modernism? Class 12 Optional English Postmodernism is a movement that emerged in the mid-20th century in response to modern literature. It is characterized by a self-aware and self-referential style, skepticism about big stories, and playfulness with language, structure, and narrative conventions. Postmodern literature often challenges traditional conceptions of authorship, blurs the lines between fiction and reality, and combines various literary techniques such as intertextuality, fragmentation, model simulation and super-fiction. It aims to break established norms and question the nature of truth, meaning, and manifestation. Postmodernism in literature is characterized by several salient features: 1. Fragmentation: Postmodern literature…

Literary marginalization  or Perspectives of the margin refers to the discovery and expression of voices, experiences and cultures that are marginalized or underrepresented in literary works. It involves diverting attention away from mainstream stories and focusing on the views of those on the margins of society. It attempts to give voice to individuals or communities that are often excluded or overlooked in mainstream discourse. Some features of the marginal perspective in the literature include: 1. Focus on socially marginalized experiences: Marginal literature often focuses on the lives, struggles and triumphs of individuals or communities who were once marginalized by factors…